Emikhakheni yaseJalimane yokuhlanza imfucuza kanye nokushisisa nge-biomass, ama-firnace grates abaluleke kakhulu-izinga lokushisa{1}}izingxenye ezithwala ama-boilers nama-incinerators. Zinquma ngokuqondile ukuphepha kokusebenza kwemishini, ukusebenza kahle komlilo,{3}}izindleko zokulondolozwa kwesikhathi eside kanye nokuthobela imithetho. Lapho ithola ama-grates amelana nokushisa{5}}nezingxenye eziyisipele ezihlobene, amaqembu okuthenga e-German professional, ama-OEM abhayela kanye namafemu anakekela izitshalo anamathela kumgomo oqinile wokuthenga:ukuthobela kuqala, ukuguquguquka kwesimo, ikhwalithi engaguquki kanye nochungechunge lokuhlinzeka okuthembekile- ngentengo ephathwa kuphela njengokucatshangwa kwesibili.
Ibhalwe kusukela esinqumweni sangempela-sokwenza umbono wabathengi bokugcina baseJalimane, lesi sihloko sihlaziya kabanzi izimfuno ezibalulekile zokungenisa, imikhawulo yokufinyelela emakethe, isimo sochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwempahla emhlabeni wonke, ubungozi obujwayelekile bokuthengwa kwempahla kanye nezimo zemboni zemakethe ye-grate yaseJalimane. Iletha imininingwane yobungcweti, esebenzayo ye-Sino{2}}ukubambisana kwezohwebo lwaseJalimane kanye nokwanda kwebhizinisi laphesheya kwezilwandle.
I. Izidingo Zokungeniswa Okubalulekile: Inqubomgomo-Izidingo Ze-Driven Rigid Market
I-Germany iyikhaya-lamabhrendi adumile emhlabeni wonke ahlanganisa u-Martin, SBE kanye no-Babcock. Nakuba le mikhiqizo iletha ukusebenza okuthembekile, iza nezihibe ezikhona: amanani entengo ephezulu, imijikelezo emide yokwenza ngokwezifiso kanye nokulethwa kwezingxenye ezisele ezihamba kancane. Isikhathi sokuhola esijwayelekile sezinyanga ezingu-3–6 siyehluleka ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezivamile, eziphuthumayo zokushintshwa-kuzinto zesevisi. Ngenxa yalokho,I-DIN-iyathobela, ibiza{1}}isebenza kahle futhi ifushane{2}}isikhathi sokuhola-ama-grate angenisiwe abe yimakethe ethandwa kakhulu. Isidingo esiqinile siwela ezigabeni ezintathu.
1. Isidingo Esikhulayo Sokushintshwa Kwezindawo Zokushiswa Imfucuza
I-Germany isebenzisa enye yezinqubomgomo eziqinile emhlabeni zokulahla imfucumfucu, iqondise izinga eliphezulu likamasipala lokulahla imfucuza engu-5% ngo-2030. Njengamanje, cishe izimboni ezinkulu{3}}ezingu-70 zokushiswa kwemfucuza kamasipala kanye nenqwaba yezindawo zokulahla imfucuza eyingozi ezisebenza ngokuqhubekayo ezweni lonke. Izingcezu zesithando somlilo zingaphansi kwe-oxidation ephezulu eqhubekayo-yezinga lokushisa, ukuguguleka kwe-slag kanye nengcindezi yebhayisikili eshisayo, okuholela ekugugeni okuqhubekayo, ukuwohloka nokugqwala.
Ngokuphoqelelwa kwamazinga abuyekeziwe we-EU wokuphuma kwemvelo, umjikelezo wesevisi omaphakathi wezinhlelo ze-grate ufushanisiwe kusukela eminyakeni eyi-8 kuya kweyi-5.5. Uma kubhekwa izindleko ezeqile zokushintshwa kwe-OEM yasekuqaleni kanye nokubambezeleka kokulethwa kwesikhathi eside okuholela ekuphelelweni kwemishini okumba eqolo, iningi labasebenzi bokushiswa kwemishini baseJalimane nezinkampani ezilungisa izinto ezichwepheshile bakhetha ukungenisa{3}ikhwalithi ephezulu, -imigoqo yegrate eshintshwayo evamile ye-DIN kanye nezingxenye ze-grate ezibuyiselayo ukuze bathole ukulungiswa okusheshayo nezindleko zokusebenza ezithuthukisiwe.
2. Ukukhula Kwemakethe Okusha Okukhuthazwa Izinqubomgomo Ze-Biomass Energy
Isekelwa i-National Biomass Strategy yaseJalimane kanye nesikhwama sayo soxhaso esikhethekile sama-Euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-7.9, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-biomass, ukushisisa kwesifunda kanye namaphrojekthi okushisa ezimboni ayaqhubeka nokukhula. Amaphrojekthi amasha afanelekayo afaneleka ukuthola uxhaso olufika ku-70% wokutshalwa kwezimali, okukhiqiza ukukhula kwezimakethe okuzinzile nokusimeme.
Amafutha avamile e-biomass aseJalimane njengama-wood chips, utshani namapellets ezolimo aqukethe amazinga aphezulu ezinsimbi ze-alkali nama-chloride, adala kalula-ukugqwala okuphezulu kwezinga lokushisa nokuqhekeka kwe-grate. Lokhu kusetha izimfuneko eziqinile zokuhlanzeka kwe-alloy, ikhwalithi yokusakaza kanye{2}}nokusebenza kokubola. Nakuba okokusebenza koqobo kwaseJalimane kunenani eliningi futhi ezinye izindlela zaseJapane nezaseKorea azikho ukuncintisana kwezindleko, ama-grates enziwe ngokwezifiso avela kubakhiqizi abaqeqeshiwe baseShayina avumelana ngokunembile nezimo zokusebenza ezinzima zokushiswa kwe-biomass yaseJalimane, okuwenza abe yisixazululo esithandwayo samabhoyela asanda kwakhiwa aphakathi nendawo namancane{4}}esikali se-biomass.
3. Isidingo Esizinzile Sesondlo Esiphindaphindayo sama-Boilers Wezimboni
I-Germany igcina isisekelo esikhulu esifakiwe samabhoyili amalahle aphakathi nendawo amancane{0}}neziko lokushisa ukushisa. Lezi zinsiza zisebenza ngokuqhubekayo ngokuguga okubikezelwayo, okudala isidingo esiqhubekayo sokushintshwa-kwezinga lokushisa eliphakathi{3}}nokumelana ne-grate. Lesi sigaba semakethe esiyisisekelo sibeka phambili ukulethwa okusheshayo nokusebenza kwezindleko zizonke.
II. -Amazinga Okufinyelela Emakethe YaseJalimane Angaxoxiswana: Impahla, Isitifiketi kanye Nombhalo
Ukuthengwa kwezimboni zaseJalimane kulandela isinqumo esiqinile, esimisiwe-sokwenza okunengqondo:ukuthobela kunqoba intengo, futhi ukuzinza kwezinto ezibonakalayo kunqoba isivinini sokulethwa. Noma yimuphi umkhiqizo owehluleka ukuhlangabezana namazinga e-DIN nawe-EU uzonqatshwa ngokuqondile - isizathu esiyinhloko sokwehluleka ukuthekelisa phakathi kwabahlinzeki base-China.
1. Ukufaneleka Kwempahla: Izinombolo Zezinto Ze-DIN Kuphela Ziyabonakala (Amazinga e-GB yesiShayina Awamukelwa)
Ukuhlolwa kwemishini yaseJalimane, ukubhaliswa kokuthobela kanye nokucwaninga kobuchwepheshe kubona ngokukhethekile ukuqokwa kwezinto ze-DIN. Amabanga ajwayelekile okusakaza we-Chinese GB awamukelwa. Abathengi bakhetha ama-alloys ngokuqinile ngokusekelwe ezimeni zokusebenza ngokulawula okuqinile kwamakhemikhali: okuqukethwe kwesibabule Ngaphansi noma okulingana no-0.03%, nge-phosphorus nezinsimbi ezisindayo kuvinjelwe ngokuqinile. Imibandela yokukhetha izinto ezijwayelekile imi kanje:
Ukushiswa kukadoti{0}}okuphezulu kwezinga lokushisa (900–1150 degree): I-1.4848 (GX40CrNiSi25-}20) iyadingeka, inikeza ukumelana okukhethekile ne-oxidation yezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nokugqwala kwe-slag ngaphansi kwezimo ezishisayo ezishisayo.
Ukushiswa kwe-biomass emaphakathi-nokushisa okuphezulu: 1.4845 (X15CrNiSi25-20 / 310S) ibanga elikhethwayo, elimelana ngempumelelo nokugqwala okunamandla okubangelwa-izibaseli eziphezulu ze-chloride ne-alkali ukuze kunwetshwe impilo yesevisi yesisetshenziswa.
Amabhayela emboni-ezinga lokushisa elimaphakathi: 1.4835 (G-X40CrNiSi27-4) yamukelwa kabanzi, ibhalansisa ukumelana nokugqokwa kanye nezindleko zezinhlelo zokusebenza zokushisisa ezijwayelekile zezimboni.
Yonke imikhiqizo ekhishelwe ngaphandle kufanele ihambisane nezilimi ezimbili zesiJalimane-izitifiketi ze-English, imibiko yokuhlaziywa kwe-spectral kanye{1}}nemibiko yokuhlola ukusebenza komshini wezinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Amadokhumenti ezobuchwepheshe angaphelele azoholela ekuhlulekeni kokwamukelwa okusemthethweni.
2. Izitifiketi Eziyisibopho Zokusulwa Kwempahla Ethengiswayo kanye Nokwamukelwa Kwephrojekthi
Ukugunyazwa kwezimpahla ze-EU, ukubhaliswa kwe-CE kanye namaphrojekthi wokubhida esidlangalaleni aphoqelela izimfuneko eziqinile zesitifiketi, ezisebenza njengemibandela yokuhlola eyinhloko yabathengi baseJalimane:
I-PED 2014/68/EU Pressure Equipment Compliance: Amasistimu aphelele we-grate adinga-isitifiketi se-CE esinolwazi; ukukhishwa kwe-grate ngayinye kufanele kunikeze izitifiketi zokuthobela izinto ze-PED 4.3. Ngaphandle kwemibhalo evumelekile, abathengi abakwazi ukuqedela ukubhaliswa kwemishini yonke kanye nokwethulwa kwemakethe.
FIKELA Ukuhambisana: Izinto ze-SVHC kumele zilawulwe ngaphansi kuka-0.1%. Imibiko yokuhlola ebuyekezwa minyaka yonke kanye-nolimi lwesiJalimane AmaSpredishithi Edatha Yokuphepha (SDS) kuyisibopho ukuze kugwenywe ukuboshwa kwentela nezinhlawulo ezilawulayo.
Iziqu ze-Premium zamaphrojekthi-esiphetho esiphezulu: Isitifiketi sempahla ye-TÜV kanye nesitifiketi sokuphepha se-GS kuqashelwa kakhulu kumathenda amakhulu ezitshalo zokushiswa kwamapulangwe namaphrojekthi kahulumeni, okufanekisela ukwethembeka{0}} komhlinzeki wezinga eliphezulu.
3. Imibhalo Yezobuchwepheshe: Iqondaniswe Ngokugcwele Nezicaciso Zobunjiniyela ZaseJalimane
Ama-grate angenisiwe kufanele ahlinzekwe ngemidwebo yobuchwepheshe yenguqulo yesiJalimane-, amamanuwali okusebenza asezingeni kanye nokulungisa, kanye nemibhalo yokubala yokunwetshwa kwe-thermal. Ukubekezelelana kobukhulu kuthobelana ngokuqinile ne-DIN ISO 2768. Ukupakishwa ngokhuni kufanele kube nezimpawu zokufutha ezivumelekile ze-IPPC. Wonke amadokhumenti ohwebo nawezobuchwepheshe azohlinzekwa ngefomethi yesiJalimane yezilimi ezimbili-yesiNgisi ukuze kuqedwe ukwenqatshwa kwentela, ukuvalwa kwezisetshenziswa kanye nezingozi zokwamukelwa kwephrojekthi ezibangelwa-ngamafayela angathobeli.
III. Iphethini ye-Global Supply Chain: I-Tiered Sourcing Logic yabathengi baseJalimane
Imakethe ye-grate yaseJalimane isekelwa amasistimu amathathu avuthiwe we-supply chain. Abathengi bakhetha izigaba zabahlinzeki ngezigaba ngokwesilinganiso sephrojekthi, izimo zokusebenza nesabelomali, ngokuma okucacile kwemakethe namandla ahlukene:
1. Imikhiqizo Yasendaweni Yase-German: Ibusa Phezulu{1}}Amaphrojekthi Amakhulu{2}Esikali
Imikhiqizo yendawo yaseJalimane ehlanganisa i-Martin ne-SBE ifaka izitifiketi ezigcwele, ukuhambisana kwesistimu ephakeme nokuzinza okuvelele kokusebenza, okubusa ukushiswa komasipala okukhulu kanye namaphrojekthi okulinganiswa. Kodwa-ke, anqunyelwe amanani entengo ephezulu, izindleko eziphezulu zokwenza ngokwezifiso kanye nezinyanga eziyisi-3-6 zokuhola izingxenye eziyisipele, okuwenza angakufanelekeli ukunakekelwa okuphuthumayo nama-oda ahlukene ashintshiwe.
2. Imikhiqizo YaseJapani NeyaseKorea: Phakathi-Izengezo Zemakethe Yesigaba Esinokuncintisana Kwezindleko Ezilinganiselwe
Imikhiqizo ye-grate yaseJapane neyaseKorea isebenzisa amasu okukhiqiza avuthiwe kanye nezinhlelo zokuthobela ngokuphelele, kodwa ihlushwa izindleko zokukhiqiza eziphezulu futhi azikho izinzuzo zamanani. Njengoba bengenakho ukuhlukanisa okuyisisekelo kwezobuchwepheshe, bahlinzeka ngamaphrojekthi aphakathi{1}}nezimakethe kuphela anesabelo semakethe esilokhu sincipha.
3. Abathekelisi bamaShayina: Ukuhola Ingxenye Yokumiselela kanye ne-Aftermarket
I-China isiphenduke umthombo oyinhloko wokungenisa izingxenye ze-grate eJalimane. Uxhaxha lwawo olunezigaba futhi{1}}oluhlelwe kahle lumboza ngokugcwele izidingo zasendaweni ezihlukene:
Abakhiqizi{0}abaphezulu abaqeqeshiwe: Iqinisekiswe ngokugcwele ngeziqu ze-CE, PED kanye ne-TÜV, ekwazi ukuhlinzeka ngezinhlelo ze-grate eziphelele. Ukuzinza komkhiqizo wabo nempilo yesevisi isondela ezindinganisweni zeprimiyamu yamazwe ngamazwe ezinezinzuzo ezivelele zezindleko, ezilungele amaphrojekthi kabhayela aphakathi nendawo namancane asanda kwakhiwa.
Abasunguli abajwayelekile abangochwepheshe: Ikhethekile kuma-grate bar kanye nezingxenye zokuguga ezikwazi ukumelana nokushisa-ezinokusebenza kwe-DIN okuzinzile-okujwayelekile nokulawula ikhwalithi okujwayelekile. Isikhathi esifushane sokuhola sezinsuku eziyi-15–30 sifana kahle nokulungiswa okuphuthumayo kanye nenqwaba-nge{6}}ngezidingo zokushintsha inqwaba, okusekela{7}}ubambiswano oluzinzile lwesikhathi eside namabhizinisi okulungisa aseJalimane.
Izimboni{0}}ezisezingeni eliphansi ezingafanelekile: Ukuncintisana kuphela ngamanani aphansi ngaphandle kwezitifiketi ezivumelekile noma ukulawulwa kwempahla okujwayelekile, imikhiqizo yabo ijwayele ukuqhekeka nokugqwala, kuveza ubungozi obukhulu bokuphepha nokuhambisana. Zikhishwe ngokuphelele eziteshini ezisemthethweni zokuthenga zaseJalimane.
Kubathengi baseJalimane abangochwepheshe, inani eliyinhloko labahlinzeki abathembekile baseShayina lileleUkuthobela i-DIN, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo okunembile, isikhathi sokuhola esizinzile kanye nokusebenza kwezindleko okuthuthukisiwe, inxephezela ngempumelelo amanani entengo aphezulu kanye nokushiyeka kokuletha kancane kwemikhiqizo yendawo yesiJalimane.
IV. Amaphuzu Abalulekile Wokutholwa Kwezinhlungu kanye Nemihlahlandlela Yokugwema Ingozi Yabahlinzeki
Ngokusekelwe{0}}enkambweni yesikhathi eside yokungenisa yaseJalimane, cishe zonke izingxabano zezohwebo, ukwehluleka kwezisetshenziswa kanye nezingozi zezimpahla ezivela kwamanye amazwe zibangelwa ukufaneleka okunganele kwabahlinzeki, ukungqubuzana kobuchwepheshe kanye nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi esezingeni eliphansi. Amaphuzu engcuphe abalulekile afingqiwe kanje:
Izinto -ezingahambisani: Ukunikeza kuphela izitifiketi ze-Chinese GB ngaphandle kokulandeleka kokubalulekile kwe-DIN, ezinokuqukethwe kwesulfure ne-phosphorus ngokweqile, okuholela-ekuqhekekeni kwezinga lokushisa okuphezulu, ukugqwala kanye nobude bempilo bemishini.
Amadokhumenti okuthobela umthetho angaphelele: Izitifiketi ezingekho ze-PED 4.3 noma ze-REACH ziholela ekuhlulekeni kokubhaliswa kwempahla, ukuvalelwa kwempahla edayiswayo kanye nezindleko eziphakeme zokwehliswa kwempahla nokulungisa.
Isimo esingesihle nezimo: Okujwayelekile-ama-grates enjongo angalungiselelwanga-i-chloride ephezulu kanye nezibaseli ze-alkali ze-alkali eziphezulu{2}}ziletha okunganele{3}}ukubola nokusebenza kokulwa{4}}ne-slag, okuphakamisa{5}}izindleko zesikhathi eside zokusebenza nezokulungisa.
Amafayela okusebenza angaphelele: Ukushoda kwemibhalo yobuchwepheshe benguqulo yesiJalimane-yenguqulo kanye nemibiko yokubala yokunwetshwa kokushisa kwehlule izindinganiso zokwamukela ubunjiniyela baseJalimane, okuholela ekukhishweni kwemishini engatholakali.
Ukulethwa okungazinzile kanye{0}}nosekelo lokuthengisa: Ukubambezeleka kokulethwa okuvamile, izigaba zewaranti engaqondakali kanye nokwesekwa kokushintshanisa okuhamba kancane kubangela ukungasebenzi isikhathi eside kwemishini kanye nokulahlekelwa kwezomnotho.
V. Imibandela Yokukhetha Umthengi WaseJalimane kanye Nezintandokazi Zokubambisana
Izinqumo zokuthengwa kwezimpahla zaseJalimane ziqinile,{0}ziqhutshwa idatha futhi{1}}zigxilwe isikhathi eside. Okubalulekile kokuhlola okungaguquki yilokhu:isitifiketi sokuthobela > ukuzinza kwezinto > ukuguquguquka kwesimo sokusebenza > amandla okulethwa > inani, inqaba ngokuqinile-ikhwalithi ephansi,{1}}amamodeli wokubambisana{1}}amanani aphansi.
Amaqembu okuthenga angochwepheshe aseJalimane abeka phambili-ukubambisana kwamasu kwesikhathi eside namafekthri aseShayina analawa makhono abalulekile alandelayo:
Qedela uhlelo lokuthobela: Ihlome ngokugcwele ngezitifiketi ze-CE, PED kanye ne-REACH, ekwazi ukuhlinzeka ngemibhalo yokuhlola esezingeni elilinganayo neyokuhambisana nezilimi ezifanelana ngokugcwele nezicaciso zokwamukela isiJalimane.
Isimo ngokwezifiso{0}okusekelwe ekwenzeni ngcono: Ukuthuthukisa ukumelana nokuguga kwe-grate, -isakhiwo sokuvimbela kanye{1}}nokusebenza kokubola okuqondise ukushiswa kwemfucuza yaseJalimane nezici zokusha kwe-biomass, ngokusebenza okuchwepheshile{2}}kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nemibiko yokubala yokunwetshwa kokushisa okushisayo.
Ukulethwa okuzinzile kanye newaranti enokwethenjelwa: Inikeza ukulethwa okusheshayo kwezinsuku eziyi-15–30, ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi okujwayelekile, ukusebenza okuzinzile okuqinisekisiwe kwamahora okusebenza angaphezu kuka-8,000, kanye{4}}nokushintshwa kokuthengisa okusheshayo kanye{5}}nosekelo{6}}lodwa lobuchwepheshe.
Ukuxhumana kochwepheshe -kwemingcele: Ujwayelene nezinqubo zokuthengwa kwempahla zaseJalimane kanye namazinga okuhlolwa kobunjiniyela, ukuhlinzeka ngokuqinisekiswa kwesampula, ukulandelelwa kwepharamitha kanye nezibopho zokuthobelana ezihambisana nemikhuba yokubuyekeza yonjiniyela baseJalimane.
VI. Amathrendi Okuthuthukiswa Kwesikhathi esizayo we-Grate Import Market yaseJalimane
Ihlanganiswe nokuphindwaphindwa kwenqubomgomo ye-EU kanye nezakhiwo zokuthengwa kwempahla yezimboni zaseJalimane, imakethe yokungenisa e-grate yaseJalimane yethula amathrendi amathathu aqondile okuthuthukiswa:
1. Imikhawulo ekhulayo yokuthobela isheshisa isigaba{1}}sokuphuma kwamandla aphansi
Izibuyekezo eziqhubekayo zemithetho ye-REACH neye-PED, kanye nezindlela eziqinile zomngcele we-EU we-carbon, kuzosusa abahlinzeki abangafanelekile, kuyilapho abakhiqizi abaqinisekisiwe{0}}bekhwalithi ephezulu bezoqhubeka bandise isabelo sabo semakethe.
2. Izimfuno zesondlo kanye nokushintshwa kwazo ziba umshayeli wemakethe enkulu
Isisekelo esikhulu saseJalimane esifakiwe sokushiswa nezinto zokushisisa senza{0}}ama-oda ashintshayo esikhathi eside, azinzile nahlukene, okwenza isidingo semakethe esiqinile.
3. Ukugxila ekuthengeni kushintshela kancane kancane kubakhiqizi baseShayina abaqeqeshiwe
Ngokuthobela okuphelele, ikhwalithi ezinzile kanye nokuvumelana nezimo zokusebenza okunembayo, imikhiqizo ye-grate yase-China iletha ukusebenza kwezindleko ezivelele kanye nezikhathi zokuhola ezimfushane, kancane kancane ingena esikhundleni sezixazululo zebanga lendawo yaseJalimane-ye-Korean-emaphakathi{1}}futhi ibe uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka ngemakethe yaseJalimane.
